coins value

COIN is usually a piece of hard material, usually metal or a metallic material, usually in the shape of a disc, and most often issued by a government. Coins are used as a form of money in transactions of various kinds, from the everyday circulation coins to the storage of vast amounts of bullion coins. Coins made for circulation (general monetized use) are usually used for lower-valued units, and banknotes for the higher values; also, in most money systems, the highest value coin is worth less than the lowest-value note.
The face value of circulation coins is usually higher than the gross value of the metal used in making them, but this is no longer generally the case with historical circulation coins made of precious metals.
Historically, a great number of coinage metals (including alloys) and other materials have been used practically, impractically (i.e., rarely), artistically, and experimentally in the production of coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment, where bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.

ALEXANDER III, king of ancient Greek MACEDONIA, surnamed the Great, was born at Pella, in the autumn of B. C. 356. He was the son of Philip II. and Olympias, and he inherited much of the natural disposition of both of his parents – the cool forethought and practical wisdom of his father, and the ardent enthusiasm and ungovernable passions of his mother. His mother belonged to the royal house of Epeirus, and through her he traced his descent from the great hero Achilles. His early education was committed to Leonidas and Lysimachus, the former of whom was a relation of his mothers, and the latter an Acarnanian. Leonidas early accustomed him to endure toil and hardship, but Lysimachus recommended himself to his royal pupil by obsequious flattery. But Alexander was also placed under the care of Aristotle, who acquired an influence over his mind and character, which is manifest to the latest period of his life.

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The History Leading up to Byzantine Coinage. The Byzantine Empire considered itself a continuation of the Roman Empire, differing only that it was Christian and used Greek in speech. Most elements of Byzantine coinage came from the Romans, with the exception that they used Latin for the inscriptions. Much of the coinage of the Roman Empire disappeared during the great currency inflation of the late 3rd century, and not much was produced during that time. A new system took shape during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine the Great (284-305 and 306-337). This new system was based on the gold solidus and some other denominations of silver, billion (debased silver), and bronze. The names and denominations of most of these coins are not known with certainty. The Constantine coinage collapsed during the barbarian invasions in the early 5th century. By the time of Anastasius in 491, only the solidus, semissus (1/2 solidus) and tremissis (1/3 solidus), and a tiny copper coin called the nummus (1/7200 of solidus) had survived. In 498, Anastasius introduced a series of multiples of the nummus. The most important of these is the follis (worth 40 nummi). The follis was used extensively for the next 6 centuries and its creation is considered a good starting point for the history of Byzantine coinage. Periods of Byzantine Coinage There are roughly 4 different periods of Byzantine coinage. The first runs from 491 through the mid 8th century. It is characterized by 3 denominations of gold coins (solidus, semissis, and tremissis), 5 denominations of copper (follis, half-follis, decanummium, pentanummium and nummus) and one of silver from 615 on (hexagram). The second runs from the 8th to the late 11th century. At this time the monetary system was simplified to one coin of each metal: the gold nomisma, the silver miliaresion, and the copper follis. The third covers the monetary reform of Alexius I in 1092 to about the end of the 13th century. There were several denominations of debased metal called trachea that were concave instead of being flat. A base (or unpure) gold coin called the hyperion replaced the nomisma, an even baser gold coin (electrum trachy) replaced the tremissis and trachea were created in base silver and eventually copper. There were also two denominations of small copper coins (tetarteron). The fourth covers the 14th century to the fall of the Empire in 1453 and saw the complete disappearance of gold coins and a return to the use of pure silver coins (basilicon, stavraton and half-stavraton) Weights and values of byzantine coinage The system used to weigh and value coins was based on that of the Roman Empire and was used throughout Byzantium. The gold solidus was the basic unit of coinage and all other coins were valued in relationship to it. The solidus = 1/72 of a roman pound or 24 carats (a carat was the weight of a carob bean or ~200 milligrams) The miliresion = 1/12 of a solidus or 2 carats Copper coinage varied considerably 1 Solidus=2 Semissis=3 Tremissis=7200 Nummus=~180 to ~300 Folis (depending on the period)=12 Miliresion

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Best review for PICTURES OF BYZANTINE COINS

The History Leading up to Byzantine Coinage. The Byzantine Empire considered itself a continuation of the Roman Empire, differing only that it was Christian and used Greek in speech. Most elements of Byzantine coinage came from the Romans, with the exception that they used Latin for the inscriptions. Much of the coinage of the Roman Empire disappeared during the great currency inflation of the late 3rd century, and not much was produced during that time. A new system took shape during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine the Great (284-305 and 306-337). This new system was based on the gold solidus and some other denominations of silver, billion (debased silver), and bronze. The names and denominations of most of these coins are not known with certainty. The Constantine coinage collapsed during the barbarian invasions in the early 5th century. By the time of Anastasius in 491, only the solidus, semissus (1/2 solidus) and tremissis (1/3 solidus), and a tiny copper coin called the nummus (1/7200 of solidus) had survived. In 498, Anastasius introduced a series of multiples of the nummus. The most important of these is the follis (worth 40 nummi). The follis was used extensively for the next 6 centuries and its creation is considered a good starting point for the history of Byzantine coinage. Periods of Byzantine Coinage There are roughly 4 different periods of Byzantine coinage. The first runs from 491 through the mid 8th century. It is characterized by 3 denominations of gold coins (solidus, semissis, and tremissis), 5 denominations of copper (follis, half-follis, decanummium, pentanummium and nummus) and one of silver from 615 on (hexagram). The second runs from the 8th to the late 11th century. At this time the monetary system was simplified to one coin of each metal: the gold nomisma, the silver miliaresion, and the copper follis. The third covers the monetary reform of Alexius I in 1092 to about the end of the 13th century. There were several denominations of debased metal called trachea that were concave instead of being flat. A base (or unpure) gold coin called the hyperion replaced the nomisma, an even baser gold coin (electrum trachy) replaced the tremissis and trachea were created in base silver and eventually copper. There were also two denominations of small copper coins (tetarteron). The fourth covers the 14th century to the fall of the Empire in 1453 and saw the complete disappearance of gold coins and a return to the use of pure silver coins (basilicon, stavraton and half-stavraton) Weights and values of byzantine coinage The system used to weigh and value coins was based on that of the Roman Empire and was used throughout Byzantium. The gold solidus was the basic unit of coinage and all other coins were valued in relationship to it. The solidus = 1/72 of a roman pound or 24 carats (a carat was the weight of a carob bean or ~200 milligrams) The miliresion = 1/12 of a solidus or 2 carats Copper coinage varied considerably 1 Solidus=2 Semissis=3 Tremissis=7200 Nummus=~180 to ~300 Folis (depending on the period)=12 Miliresion

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Best review for PICTURES OF BYZANTINE COINS